电子鼻：肺癌诊断新兴生物标志物
wouter h. van geffen 1, kevin lamote2,3,4,5, adrien costantini6, lizza e.l. hendriks7, najib m. rahman8,9, torsten g. blum10, jan van meerbeeck2,3,4,5
abstract:
lung cancer is very common and the most common cause of cancer death worldwide. despite recent progress in the systemic treatment of lung cancer (checkpoint inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors), each year, >1.5 million people die due to this disease. most lung cancer patients already have advanced disease at the time of diagnosis. computed tomography screening of high-risk individuals can detect lung cancer at an earlier stage but at a cost of false-positive findings. biomarkers could lead towards a reduction of these false-positive findings and earlier lung cancer diagnosis, and have the potential to improve outcomes and treatment monitoring. to date, there is a lack of such biomarkers for lung cancer and other thoracic malignancies, although electronic nose (e-nose)-derived biomarkers are of interest. e-nose techniques using exhaled breath component measurements can detect lung cancer with a sensitivity ranging from 71% to 96% and specificity from 33 to 99%. in some case series, such results have been validated but this is mostly using internal validation and hence, more work is needed. furthermore, standardised sampling and analysis methods are lacking, impeding interstudy comparison and clinical implementation. in this narrative review, we provide an overview of the currently available data on e-nose technology for lung cancer detection.
肺癌是非常普遍且见的癌症死亡原因。尽管最近在肺癌的全身治疗（检查点抑制剂和激酶抑制剂）方面取得了进展，但每年仍有超过150万人死于该疾病。大多数肺癌患者在诊断时已患有晚期疾病。对高危人群进行计算机断层扫描可以早期筛查肺癌，但会增加假阳性结果的成本。生物标志物可能导致这些假阳性结果的减少和早期肺癌的诊断，并有可能改善疗效和监测治疗。迄今为止，尽管感兴趣的是电子鼻（e-nose）衍生的生物标记物，但仍缺乏用于肺癌和其他胸腔恶性肿瘤的此类生物标记物。使用呼气成分的电子鼻技术可以检测到肺癌，其敏感性范围为71％至96％，特异性为33％至100％。在某些情况下，这些结果已得到验证，但这主要是使用内部验证，因此需要做更多的工作。此外，缺乏标准化的采样和分析方法，妨碍了研究之间的比较和临床实施。在这篇叙述性综述中，我们提供了有关用于肺癌检测的电子鼻技术的当前可用数据的概述。缺乏标准化的采样和分析方法，妨碍了研究之间的比较和临床实施。在这篇叙述性综述中，我们提供了有关用于肺癌检测的电子鼻技术的当前可用数据的概述。缺乏标准化的采样和分析方法，妨碍了研究之间的比较和临床实施。在这篇叙述性综述中，我们提供了有关用于肺癌检测的电子鼻技术的当前可用数据的概述