the electronic nose technology in clinical diagnosis: a systematic review
mariana valente farraia, msca,∗, joão cavaleiro rufo, phdb , inês paciência, msca,b,c,
francisca mendes, msca , luís delgado, phdd,e, andré moreira, phda,b,f
abstract
background: volatile organic compounds (voc) are end products of human metabolism (normal and disease-associated) that can be mainly excreted in breath, urine, and feces. therefore, voc can be very useful as markers of diseases and helpful for clinicians since its sampling is noninvasive, inexpensive, and painless. electronic noses, or enoses, provide an easy and inexpensive way to analyze gas samples. thus, this device may be used for diagnosis, monitoring or phenotyping diseases according to specific breathprints (breath profile).
objective: in this review, we summarize data showing the ability of enose to be used as a noninvasive tool to improve diagnosis in clinical settings.
methods: a prisma-oriented search was performed in pubmed and cochrane library. only studies performed in humans and published since 2000 were included. results:a total of 48 original articles, 21 reviews, and 7 other documents were eligible and fully analyzed. the quality assessment of the selected studies was conducted according to the standards for reporting of diagnostic accuracy. airway obstructive diseases were the most studied and cyranose 320 was the most used enose.
conclusions:several case–control studies were performed to test this technology in diverse fields. more than a half of the selected studies showed good accuracy. however, there are some limitations regarding sampling methodology, analysis, reproducibility, and external validation that need to be standardized. additionally, it is urgent to test this technology in intend-to-treat populations. thus, it is possible to think in the contribution of voc analysis by enoses in a clinical setting.
keywords: breathomics, diagnosis, electronic nose, volatile organic compounds
背景：挥发性有机化合物（voc）是人体代谢（正常和疾病相关）的最终产物，主要通过呼吸、尿液和粪便排出。因此，voc作为疾病的标志物非常有用，对临床医生也很有帮助，因为它的取样，廉价，。电子鼻（enose）为分析气体样品提供了一种简单而廉价的方法。因此，该装置可根据特定的呼吸图谱（呼吸剖面）用于诊断、监测或表型疾病。
目的：总结e-nose作为一种性工具在临床诊断中的应用价值。
方法：在pubmed和cochrane图书馆中进行面向prisma的检索。仅包括2000年以来发表的人类研究。结果：共有48篇原始文章、21篇综述和7篇其他文献符合要求并进行了全面分析。所选研究的质量评估是根据诊断准确性报告标准进行的。研究最多的是气道阻塞性疾病，使用最多的是cyranose 320。
结论：我们进行了多个病例对照研究，以在不同领域测试这项技术。超过一半的研究显示了良好的准确性。然而，在取样方法、分析、再现性和外部验证方面存在一些需要标准化的限制。此外，迫切需要在打算治疗人群中测试这项技术。因此，在临床环境中考虑enose对voc分析的贡献是可能的。
关键词：呼吸经济学、诊断学、电子鼻、挥发性有机化合物