explain语句能够被用于获取一些关于sql执行时的相关信息,比如表的连接顺序,对表的方式方式等等。通过对该相关信息进行进一步的分析,我们可以通过对表添加适当的索引,以及优化连接顺序,使用提示等等手段来达到使sql高效运行的目的。本文描述了explain的用法并给出了相关示例。
一、explain概述explain 语句主要是用于解析sql执行计划,通过分析执行计划采取适当的优化方式提高sql运行的效率。explain 语句输出通常包括id列,select_type,table,type,possible_keys,key等等列信息mysql 5.6.3后支持select, delete, insert,replace, and update. explain extended支持一些额外的执行计划相关的信息explain partitions支持基于分区表查询执行计划的相关信息二、explain输出列描述-- 下面通过示例来展示explain输出列(root@localhost) [sakila]> explain select sum(amount) from customer a, -> payment b where 1=1 and a.customer_id=b.customer_id and -> email='jane.bennett@sakilacustomer.org'\g*************************** 1. row ***************************id: 1 select_type: simpletable: atype: allpossible_keys: primarykey: nullkey_len: nullref: nullrows: 590extra: using where*************************** 2. row ***************************id: 1 select_type: simpletable: btype: refpossible_keys: idx_fk_customer_idkey: idx_fk_customer_idkey_len: 2ref: sakila.a.customer_idrows: 14extra: 1、各列表示的意义columnmeaning------------------------------------------idthe select identifierselect_type the select typetablethe table for the output rowpartitions the matching partitionstypethe join typepossible_keys the possible indexes to choosekeyindex actually chosenkey_lenthe length of the chosen keyrefthe columns compared to the indexrowsestimate of rows to be examinedfilteredpercentage of rows filtered by table conditionextraadditional information2、各列上的具体描述id:包含一组数字,表示查询中执行select子句或操作表的顺序id相同,执行顺序由上至下,否则id值越大(通常子查询会产生)优先级越高,越先被执行id如果相同,可以认为是一组,从上往下顺序执行;在所有组中,id值越大,优先级越高,越先执行select_type:表示查询中每个select子句的类型(简单 or复杂)select_typevalue meaning------------------------------------------------------------simplesimple select (not using union or subqueries)primaryoutermost select 最外层selectunionsecond or later select statement in a uniondependent unionsecond or later select statement in a union, dependent on outer queryunionresult result of a union.subqueryfirst select in subquerydependent subqueryfirst select in subquery, dependent on outer query(通常为相关子查询)derivedderived table select (subquery in from clause)materializedmaterialized subqueryuncacheable subquerya subquery for which the result cannot be cached and must be reevaluatedfor each row of the outer queryuncacheable unionthe second or later select in a union that belongs to an uncacheablesubquery (see uncacheable subquery)table:从哪个表(表名)上输出行记录,也可能是下列值:• : the row refers to the union of the rows with id values of m and n.• : the row refers to the derived table result for the row with an id value of n.a derived table may result, for example, from a subquery in the from clause.• : the row refers to the result of a materialized subquery for the row with an id value of n.partitions:查询匹配的记录来自哪一个分区,当使用explain,分区partitions关键字被指定时type:连接类型system表只有一行const表最多只有一行匹配,通用用于主键或者唯一索引比较时eq_ref每次与之前的表合并行都只在该表读取一行,这是除了system,const之外最好的一种,特点是使用=,而且索引的所有部分都参与join且索引是主键或非空唯一键的索引ref如果每次只匹配少数行,那就是比较好的一种,使用=或,可以是左覆盖索引或非主键或非唯一键fulltext全文搜索ref_or_null与ref类似,但包括nullindex_merge表示出现了索引合并优化(包括交集,并集以及交集之间的并集),但不包括跨表和全文索引。这个比较复杂,目前的理解是合并单表的范围索引扫描(如果成本估算比普通的range要更优的话)unique_subquery 在in子查询中,就是value in (select...)把形如“select unique_key_column”的子查询替换。ps:所以不一定in子句中使用子查询就是低效的!index_subquery 同上,但把形如”select non_unique_key_column“的子查询替换range常数值的范围indexa.当查询是索引覆盖的,即所有数据均可从索引树获取的时候(extra中有using index);b.以索引顺序从索引中查找数据行的全表扫描(无 using index);c.如果extra中using index与using where同时出现的话,则是利用索引查找键值的意思;d.如单独出现,则是用读索引来代替读行,但不用于查找all全表扫描possible_keys:指出mysql能使用哪个索引在表中找到行。查询涉及到的字段上若存在索引则该索引将被列出,但不一定被查询使用。如果改列为null,说明该查询不会使用到当前表上的相关索引,考虑是否有必要添加索引key显示mysql在查询中实际使用的索引,若没有使用索引,显示为null也可能存在key不等于possible_keys的情形,即possible_keys不适合提取所需的行而查询所选择的列在使用其他索引时更高效tips:查询中若使用了覆盖索引,则该索引仅出现在key列表中key_len表示索引中使用的字节数,可通过该列计算查询中使用的索引的长度ref表示上述表的连接匹配条件,即哪些列或常量被用于查找索引列上的值rows表示mysql根据表统计信息及索引选用情况,估算的找到所需的记录所需要读取的行数对于innodb,该值为预估,不一定精确extra包含不适合在其他列中显示但十分重要的额外信息三、使用explain extended 示例(root@localhost) [sakila]> explain extended select * from city where country_id in -> ( select country_id from country where country='china') and 1=1 \g*************************** 1. row ***************************id: 1 select_type: simpletable: countrytype: allpossible_keys: primarykey: nullkey_len: nullref: nullrows: 109filtered: 100.00extra: using where*************************** 2. row ***************************id: 1 select_type: simpletable: citytype: refpossible_keys: idx_fk_country_idkey: idx_fk_country_idkey_len: 2ref: sakila.country.country_idrows: 1filtered: 100.00extra: null2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)(root@localhost) [sakila]> show warnings\g*************************** 1. row *************************** level: notecode: 1003message: /* select#1 */ select `city`.`city_id` as `city_id`,`city`.`city` as `city`,`city`.`country_id` as `country_id`,`city`.`last_update` as `last_update` from `sakila`.`country` join `sakila`.`city` where ((`city`.`country_id` = `country`.`country_id`) and (`country`.`country` = 'china'))1 row in set (0.00 sec)-- 从上面的extended使用可以看出,查询中多出了filtered列-- 其次原来的sql语句真正在执行的时候被改写,即原来的1=1的条件被去掉-- 对于复杂的sql语句我们可以通过该方式获得一个比较清晰的真正被执行的sql语句四、explain partitions示例(root@localhost) [sakila]> create table `actor_part` ( -> `actor_id` smallint(5) unsigned not null auto_increment, -> `first_name` varchar(45) not null, -> `last_name` varchar(45) not null, -> `last_update` timestamp not null default current_timestamp on update current_timestamp, -> primary key (`actor_id`), -> key `idx_actor_last_name` (`last_name`) -> ) partition by hash(actor_id) partitions 4;query ok, 0 rows affected (0.11 sec)(root@localhost) [sakila]> insert into actor_part select * from actor;query ok, 200 rows affected (0.02 sec)records: 200 duplicates: 0 warnings: 0(root@localhost) [sakila]> explain select * from actor_part where actor_id=10; -- 未使用partitions时+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+| id | select_type | table| type | possible_keys | key| key_len | ref | rows | extra |+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+| 1 | simple| actor_part | const | primary| primary | 2| const | 1 | null |+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)(root@localhost) [sakila]> explain partitions select * from actor_part where actor_id=10; -- 使用partitions时+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+| id | select_type | table| partitions | type | possible_keys | key| key_len | ref | rows | extra |+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+| 1 | simple| actor_part | p2| const | primary| primary | 2| const | 1 | null |+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)-- 多出了partitions列本文永久更新链接地址:
