文章作者：陈亚红（北京大学第三医院 呼吸与危重症医学科，北京 100191）
基金项目：国家重点研发计划重大慢性非传染性疾病防控研究专项课题（2016yfc1304301）；精准医学研究专项（2016yfc0903601 ；2016yfc0901102）
ｐｄｆ全文免费下载链接：l.
[2] 黄俊，王广发．慢性阻塞性肺病全球倡议慢性阻塞性肺病指南（2013更新版）解读[j]．中国医学前沿杂志（电子版），2013，5（3）：58-60．
[3] 金哲，王广发．慢性阻塞性肺疾病全球倡议（2014更新版）解读[j]．中国医学前沿杂志（电子版），2014，6（2）：94-97．
[4] 陈亚红，王辰．2015年更新版gold慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊断、治疗和预防的全球策略简介[j]．中国医学前沿杂志（电子版），2015，7（2）：34-39．
[5] 庞红燕，杨汀，王辰．2016年更新版gold慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊断、治疗和预防的全球策略简介[j]．中国医学前沿杂志（电子版），2016，8（7）：30-34．
[6] 陈亚红．2017年gold慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊断、治疗及预防的全球策略解读[j]．中国医学前沿杂志（电子版），2017，9（1）：37-47．
[7] 陈亚红．2018年gold慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊断、治疗及预防全球策略解读[j]．中国医学前沿杂志（电子版），2017，9（12）：21-33．
[8] global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease. global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2019 report[eb/ol]. [2018-12-02]. ] sana a, somda sma, meda n, et al. chronic obstructinve pulm-onary disease associated with biomass fuel use in women: a syst ematic review and meta-analysis[j]. bmj open respir res, 2018, 5(1):e00246.
[10] townend j, minelli c, mortimer k, et al. the association bet-ween chronic airflow obstruction and poverty in 12 sites of the multinational bold study[j]. eur respir j, 2017, 49(6). pii:1601880.
[11] bigna jj, kenne am, asangbeh sl, et al. prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the global population with hiv: a systematic review and meta-analysis[j]. lancet glob health, 2018, 6(2):e193-e202.
[12] ding z, wang k, li j, et al. association between glutathione s-transferase gene m1 and t1 polymorphisms and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk: a meta-analysis[j]. clin genet, 2018. [epub ahead of print]
[13] haroon s, adab p, riley rd, et al. predicting risk of undiag-nosed copd: development and validation of the target copd score[j]. eur respir j, 2017, 49(6):pii:1602191.
[14] jordan re, adab p, sitch a, et al. targeted case finding for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease versus routine practice in primary care (targetcopd): a cluster-randomised controlled trial[j]. lancet respir med, 2016, 4(9):720-730.
[15] zhou y, zhong n, li x, et al. tiotropium in early-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[j]. n engl j med, 2017, 377(10):923-935.
[16] yun jh, lamb a, chase r, et al. blood eosinophil count thres-h olds and exacerbations in patients with chronic obstru ctive pulmonary disease[j]. j allergy clin immunol, 2018, 141(6): 2037-2047.
[17] bafadhel m, peterson s, de blas ma, et al. predictors of exacer-bation risk and response to budesonide in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a post-hoc analysis of three randomised trials[j]. lancet respir med, 2018, 6(2):117-126.
[18] walters ja, tang jn, poole p, et al. pneumococcal vaccines
for preventing pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[j]. cochrane database syst rev, 2017, 1:cd001390.
[19] wedzicha ja, decramer m, ficker jh, et al. analysis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations with the dual bronchodilator qva149 compared with glycopyrronium and tiotropium (spark): a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study[j]. lancet respir med, 2013, 1(3):199-209.
[20] wedzicha ja, banerji d, chapman kr, et al. indacaterol-glycopyrronium versus salmeterol-fluticasone for copd[j]. n eng j med, 2016, 374(23):2222-2234.
[21] calverley pma, anzueto ar, carter k, et al. tiotropium and olodaterol in the prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations (dynagito): a double-blind, rando-mized, parallel-group, active-controlled trial[j]. lancet respir med, 2018, 6(5):337-344.
[22] bai c, ichinose m, lee sh, et al. lung function and long-term safety of tiotropium/olodaterol in east asian patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[j]. int j chron obstruct pulmon dis, 2017, 12:3329-3339.
[23] lipson da, barnhart f, brealey n, et al. once-daily single-inhaler triple versus dual therapy in patients with copd[j]. n engl j med, 2018, 378(18):1671-1680.
[24] calverley pma, anderson ja, brook rd, et al. fulticasone furoate, vilanterol, and lung function decline in patients with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heigh-tened cardiovascular risk[j]. am j respir crit care med, 2018, 197(1):47-55.
[25] vestbo j, papi a, corradi m, et al. single inhaler extrafine triple therapy versus long-acting muscarinic antagonist therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (trinity): a double-blind, parallel group, randomised controlled trial[j]. lancet, 2017, 389(10082):1919-1929.
[26] papi a, vestbo j, fabbri l, et al. extrafine inhaled triple therapy versus dual bronchodilator therapy in chronic obstructive pulm-onary disease (tribute): a double-blind, parallel group, rando-mised controlled trial[j]. lancet, 2018, 391(10125):1076-1084.
[27] liu l, wang jl, xu xy, et al. leuketriene receptor antagonists do not improve lung function decline in copd: a meta-analysis[j]. eur rev med pharmacol sci, 2018, 22(3):829-834.
[28] calverley pma, tetzlaff k, vogelmeier c, et al. eosinophilia, frequent exacerbations, and steroid response in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[j]. am j respir crit care med, 2017, 196(9):1219-1221.
[29] chapman kr, hurst jr, frent sm, et al. long-term triple therapy de-escalation to indacaterol/glycopyrronium in copd (sunset): a randomized, double-blind, triple-dummy clinical trial[j]. am j respir crit care med, 2018, 198(3):329-339.
[30] zhang hl, li js, yu xq, et al. an evaluation of activity toler-ance, patient-reported outcomes and satisfaction with the effe-cti veness of pulmonary daoyin on patients with chronic obst-ructive pulmonary disease[j]. int j chron obstruct pulmon dis, 2017, 12:2333-2342.
[31] zhu sc, shi k, yan j, et al. a modified 6-form tai chi for patients with copd[j]. complement ther med, 2018, 39:36-42.
[32] maltais f, ostinelli j, bourbeau j, et al. comparison of nebulized budesonide and oral prednisolone with placebo in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial[j]. am j
respir crit care med, 2002, 165(5):698-703.[33] gunen h, hacievliyagil ss, yetkin o, et al. the role of nebulized budesonide in the treatment of exacerbations of copd[j]. eur respir j, 2007, 29(4):660-667.
[34] stallberg b, selroos o, voglemeier c, et al. budesonide/formoterol as effective as prednisolone plus formoterol in acute exacerbation of copd. a double-blind, randomized, non-inferiority, parallel-group, multicenter study[j]. respir res, 2009, 10:11.
[35] ding z, li x, lu y, et al. a randomized, controlled multic-entric study of inhaled budesonide and intravenous methylp-rednisolone in the treatment on acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[j]. respir med, 2016, 121:39-47.
[36] stolz d, hirsch hh, schilter d, et al. intensified tract infe-ction to prevent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exace rbations. a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial[j]. am j respir crit care med, 2018, 197(9):1136-1146.
[37] van velzen p, ter riet g, bresser p, et al. doxycycline for outpatient-treated acute exacerbations of copd: a randomized double-blind placbo-controlled trial[j]. lancet respir med, 2017, 5(6):492-499.
[38] nagata k, kikuchi t, horie t, et al. domiciliary high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy for patients with stable hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. a multicenter randomized crossover trial[j]. ann am thorac soc, 2018, 15(4):432-439.
[39] sellares j, ferrer m, anton a, et al. discontinuing noninvasive ventilation in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: a randomized controlled trial[j]. eur respir j, 2017, 50(1). pii:1601448.
[40] walker pp, pompilio pp, zanaboni p, et al. telemonitoring in copd: the chromed study, a randomized clinical trial[j]. am j respir crit care, med, 2018, 198(5):620-628.
[41] criner gj, martinez fj, aaron s, et al. current controversies in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a report from the gold scientific committee[j]. ann am thorac soc, 2018. [epub ahead of print]
[42] vestbo j, anderson w, coxson ho, et al. evaluation of copd longitudinally to identify predictive surrogate end-points (eclipse)[j]. eur respir j, 2008, 31(4):869-873.
[43] regan ea, hokanson je, murphy jr, et al. genetic epide-miology of copd (copdgene) study design[j]. copd, 2010, 7(1):32-43.
[44] couper d, lavange lm, han m, et al. design of the subpopulations and intermediate outcomes in copd study (spiromics)[j]. thorax, 2014, 69(5):491-494.
[45] celli br, cote cg, marin jm, et al. the body-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[j]. n engl j med, 2004, 350(10):1005-1012.
[46] bourbeau j, tan wc, benedetti a, et al. canadian cohort obstructive lung disease (cancold): fulfilling the need for longitudinal observational studies in copd[j]. copd, 2014, 11(2):125-132.
[47] 中华医学会，中华医学会杂志社，中华医学会全科医学分会，等．慢性阻塞性肺疾病基层诊疗指南（2018年）[j]．中华全科医师杂志，2018，17（11）：856-870．